One of the most common mistakes new property investors make is underestimating what it actually costs to get a property over the line. The deposit is obvious. Everything else is where people get caught short. This article runs through every cost you need to budget for — the ones covered upfront in Lesson 1 and the ones that often catch investors out later — so you can go into your first or next purchase with an accurate picture of what you need in the bank.
The Six Core Buying Costs
Using a £100,000 purchase price as the working example — a realistic price point for a buy-to-let in many parts of the North of England — here is what your core costs look like.
1. Deposit
For a buy-to-let mortgage, most lenders require a 25% deposit. On a £100,000 property, that is £25,000. The bank lends you the remaining £75,000. This is the single largest upfront cost in most purchases.
Note: if you are buying with bridging finance rather than a straightforward BTL mortgage, the deposit structure may differ, but 25% is still a reliable working assumption for budgeting purposes.
2. Stamp Duty Land Tax
As an investor purchasing an additional property, you pay a 5% surcharge on top of the standard residential SDLT rates. On a £100,000 purchase, budget approximately £5,000. Use the JPU Stamp Duty Calculator for precise figures on specific purchase prices, as the rates are tiered and the precise thresholds are subject to government changes.
3. Solicitor
You need a solicitor for every property purchase without exception. They handle the legal transfer, conduct the searches, manage contracts, liaise with the seller's solicitor, transfer funds, and organise exchange and completion. Without them, nothing completes. Budget approximately £1,500 for a straightforward purchase. More complex transactions — leasehold, unusual title issues, commercial elements — can cost more.
4. Mortgage Broker Fee
A good mortgage broker accesses lenders and products you cannot reach directly. Many specialist BTL and limited company lenders work exclusively through brokers and will not deal directly with investors. A whole-of-market broker gives you access to the full range. Budget approximately £495. As a general caution from the JPU lessons: if a broker is charging more than 1% of the loan amount, that is too much.
5. Survey
A survey assesses the physical condition of the property. There are three RICS levels. A Level 1 is a basic condition report. A Level 2 (Homebuyer Report) is the most commonly used and provides practical guidance on defects and risks. A Level 3 is a full structural survey, used for older, larger, or more complex properties. Even if you are buying in cash, a minimum Level 2 is strongly recommended — it gives you useful information going into any refurbishment. Budget £600–£1,500 depending on the level required. Allowing £1,000 as a working figure is sensible.
6. Lender Valuation Fee
Separate from the survey, the lender requires their own valuation of the property to satisfy themselves that it is worth what you are paying. This costs approximately £250. It is their assessment for their own risk purposes — it is not a substitute for your independent survey.
Core Costs Summary
For a standard residential purchase — someone buying their main home — the current SDLT thresholds in England apply a zero rate up to a certain threshold, with increasing rates above that. The precise thresholds have shifted over time and can be updated by the government, which is why the JPU programme provides an up-to-date Stamp Duty Calculator and threshold table alongside this lesson material. Always check the current rates before calculating costs for a specific purchase.
The Costs People Forget
Beyond the six core costs, there are several additional costs that regularly catch investors off guard.
Arrangement Fee
Auction Fees
Sourcing Fees
Bridging Finance Costs
On a £75,000 bridging loan at 1% per month, the monthly interest cost is £750. Held for six months, that is £4,500 in interest. Bridging interest is often rolled up and added to the loan rather than paid monthly, which means you clear it when you refinance or sell. But it is still a real cost that needs to be in your numbers before you commit to a deal.
Arrangement Fee
- Also called a product fee or acceptance fee, this is the lender's charge for setting up your loan. Most lenders charge 2–5% of the loan amount. On a £75,000 loan at 3%, that is £2,250. The arrangement fee can usually be added to the loan rather than paid upfront, but you still need to account for it in your cost of borrowing calculation. It affects your true yield and returns even if it does not come out of your bank account on day one.
Auction Fees
- If you are buying at auction, the auctioneer will typically charge a buyer's premium of 3–5% of the purchase price plus VAT. This is paid in addition to the purchase price and is due on or around the day of completion, which is usually 28 days after the hammer falls. Auction houses prepare a Legal Pack in advance covering title documents, searches, and legal paperwork — but you still need your solicitor to review it. Budget for the buyer's premium separately and do not let it come as a surprise.
Sourcing Fees
- If you are using a deal sourcer to find properties, they typically charge 3–5% of the purchase price as a sourcing or reservation fee. This is paid separately from the purchase price and is not included in the SDLT calculation. It is a legitimate cost for the service of identifying, appraising, and presenting the opportunity. Budget for it as a separate line item.
Bridging Finance Costs
- If you are using bridging finance — which is common for properties that need refurbishment and cannot be mortgaged in their current condition — the cost structure is different from a standard BTL mortgage. Key costs include:
- Arrangement fee: typically 1–2% of the loan
- Your legal fees and sometimes the lender's legal fees
- Valuation fee
- Monthly interest: typically 0.7–1% per month on the loan balance
On a £75,000 bridging loan at 1% per month, the monthly interest cost is £750. Held for six months, that is £4,500 in interest. Bridging interest is often rolled up and added to the loan rather than paid monthly, which means you clear it when you refinance or sell. But it is still a real cost that needs to be in your numbers before you commit to a deal.
The Emergency Buffer
This is not a named cost — it is a discipline. Never deploy 100% of your available capital into a purchase. Unexpected costs happen in property: a survey reveals an issue you did not expect, refurbishment runs over, a void period is longer than projected. If you have no buffer, any of these situations can create serious problems.
How much to hold back will depend on your overall capital position, but having a meaningful reserve beyond your budgeted costs is one of the most important habits you can develop as a property investor.
How much to hold back will depend on your overall capital position, but having a meaningful reserve beyond your budgeted costs is one of the most important habits you can develop as a property investor.
What These Costs Do Not Cover
It is worth being clear about what is not included in the buying cost budget: refurbishment costs and refinancing costs. Both of these are real and often significant, but they are separate exercises. The JPU lessons deal with them in detail in the relevant modules. The purpose of getting your buying costs right is to ensure you can get the property purchased correctly. Everything that comes after that is a separate planning exercise.
Key Takeaway
- On a £100,000 buy-to-let, total buying costs typically run to £33,000 — £35,000.
- Arrangement fees, sourcing fees, and auction fees are easy to miss — budget for them separately.
- Bridging finance costs include monthly interest that compounds if the bridge is held for months.
- Always hold a cash buffer beyond your budgeted costs.
- Refurb and refinance costs are separate — buying costs are only the cost of getting to completion.
